Case Study

New CISO vs CTO Who Owns Cybersecurity in 2025? INTRODUCTION With increasing cyber threats and regulatory demands, cybersecurity has become the core of business strategy. Companies in various sectors are raising a very important question: “New CISO vs CTO—who owns cybersecurity in 2025?” This debate is a manifestation of a larger shift in leadership positions. Although the Chief Technology Officer (CTO) has traditionally borne responsibility for technological innovation, the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) now occupies an equally pivotal position for protecting digital ecosystems. The intersection point of this power dynamic is where innovation and security converge. In this post, we discuss how the roles of the New CISO vs CTO have changed, their roles in a post-pandemic, AI world, and the way visionary organizations are organizing cybersecurity leadership. 1. The Roles Have Evolved: CTO and New CISO in 2025 CTO in 2025: Leading With Innovation Historically, CTOs have spearheaded innovation—creating products, managing IT infrastructure, and coordinating tech strategy with business objectives. CTOs need now: To ensure compliance for all technologies. To work with security teams throughout product creation. To design robust architectures that accommodate Zero Trust concepts. The Rise of the New CISO Today’s CISO is no longer a specialist technical expert. The New CISO in 2025 is an executive with cross-functional impact. Roles involve: Establishing cybersecurity policies and frameworks. Directing threat detection and response. Overseeing regulatory compliance (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA, ISO 27001). Reporting cyber risks up to the board or CEO. The line between innovation (CTO) and protection (CISO) is getting confused, leading to the New CISO vs CTO conundrum in most organizations. 2. Joint Cybersecurity Responsibilities: Overlap and Complexity Both have distinct areas of authority, but there is a common pool of cybersecurity responsibilities where there is tension or synergy based on the structure of the organization. CISO: Assesses security implications of new technologies prior to deployment. Incident Response CTO: Ensures availability of the system and recovery. CISO: Oversees breach response, forensic analysis, and disclosure requirements. DevSecOps CTO: Advocates for quicker development cycles. CISO: Incorporates security early in the pipeline. This overlap tends to create ambiguity: Who gets the final word? The response defines the overall cybersecurity posture. 3. Regulatory and Business Pressures Businesses in 2025 are now governed by more privacy regulations, such as GDPR updates, the U.S. Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC), and area-specific AI laws. New Implications for the New CISO vs CTO Discussion Regulatory Compliance: The New CISO will have to make sure controls are implemented. Technical Execution: The CTO would execute tools to satisfy those controls. Strategic Communication: Both positions need to communicate cyber risk to the board in terms familiar to non-technical leaders. Those pressures create an urgent need to specifically define cybersecurity leadership early on. hacker in black suit with digital codes on his face. 4. Case Studies: Who Leads Cybersecurity in Practice? Case Study 1: Financial Services Enterprise In a global bank, the CTO was driving all digital transformation initiatives. But following a breach due to a compliance issue, the CISO was given board-level access, and there was enhanced risk management and quicker detection. Key Insight: Cybersecurity leadership should be autonomous and in a position to veto technical decisions if necessary. Case Study 2: SaaS Startup Misconfiguration of a cloud bucket caused a breach, leading to investor distrust. After the breach, a CISO was brought onboard to audit and reorganize policies. Key Insight: Innovation and protection need to be separated by startups as they grow. Case Study 3: Healthcare Platform In this instance, the CISO and CTO shared leading a cybersecurity governance team. With aligned KPIs and reporting lines, incidents dropped 40% year on year. Key Insight: Coordination wins out over confrontation when roles are clarified and respected. 5. Critical Competencies of the New CISO in 2025 In order to succeed alongside the CTO, the New CISO needs to have: Business Fluency: Knowledge of financial risk, ROI on security investment, and regulatory exposure. Communication Skills: Capacity to report risk metrics to non-technical leaders. Adaptability: Navigating emerging threats such as AI manipulation or deepfake social engineering. Governance Expertise: Ensuring compliance across jurisdictions and industry verticals. Technical Know-How: Though not a coder, the New CISO is aware of encryption, cloud security, and identity governance. 6. CTO Viewpoint: Innovation vs. Risk Using AI/ML to enhance product. Embracing microservices and serverless architectures. Experimenting with blockchain for trust and transparency. But these are risks. Left to themselves, vulnerabilities in these tools would go undetected. 7. Boardroom View: Clarity is Required for Accountability In 2025, boards inquire: Who is responsible for data protection? Who is in charge of incident response? Who is responsible for compliance in all markets? More and more, boards insist on clarity of accountability, which drives the New CISO vs CTO debates. The direction is to make cybersecurity a collective accountability with identified control domains and escalation routes. 8. Best Practice: Collective Cybersecurity Governance The best-performing organizations adopt co-leadership, in which: The CTO leads innovation with a security-by-design approach. The New CISO analyzes and optimizes the security impact of every project. Both roles have a Chief Risk Officer, CIO, or CEO report. Common KPIs are employed to track risk mitigation, uptime, compliance, and response time for incidents. This allows New CISO vs CTO not to be a fight—it’s a collaboration. 9. The Role of AI and Automation in Redefining Responsibilities AI is transforming both positions: For the CISO: AI identifies anomalies, automates response to incidents, and assists in threat hunting. Introduction of AI governance policies also erases role distinctions. Who sets rules on AI ethics and risk—New CISO or CTO? In most companies, this has resulted in the formation of a Cybersecurity Governance Committee, co-chaired by both positions. 10. Organizational Designs to Close the Conflict Model A: CISO Reports to CTO Works in small teams Security may be second to development Model B: CTO and CISO Report to CIO Separately Ensures equal influence Needs strong CIO management Model C: CISO Reports to CEO or Board Creates security executive visibility and autonomy

From Script Kiddies To New Cyber Lords Hacker Evolution INTRODUCTION Twenty years ago, the typical “hacker” trope was a teenager in a hoodie copying exploits from dirty forums. Now, cyber threats operate multi-million-dollar ransomware syndicates, deploy deep-fake disinformation campaigns, and topple nation-states. That transition from script kiddies to cyber lords is the most dramatic change in the history of digital crime. Comprehending that shift is key for anyone who wishes to survive—and prosper—in 2025’s hyper-connected world. This extended probe takes you from script kiddies to contemporary cyber overlords, charting the milestones, motivation, and mental attitude shifts that propelled them upward. Along the way, you will discover how technology, economics, and geopolitics combined to produce an age where a few keyboard strokes can shut pipelines, empty bank accounts, or sway elections. Ultimately, we will convert the history lesson to a useful survival guide. 1. Dial-Up Anarchy: How Script Kiddies Were Born 1.1 Amateur Hour and the Early Web During the mid-1990s, hacker culture flourished on IRC, BBS, and Usenet. The majority of users didn’t have strong coding skills, but they had curiosity—and freshly uploaded exploit scripts made causing trouble a breeze. Copy, paste, execute. That was the whole skill set. But those “low-skill” hijinks brought sites down, altered grades in schools, and caught the public imagination. 1.2 Why the Term “Script Kiddie” Stuck Establish hackers ridiculed such newbies as “kiddies” for stealing someone else’s code. But the term also indicated something more profound: a democratization of hacking knowledge. Anybody could download a tool such as Sub7 or Back Orifice, sweep through arbitrary IP blocks, and find themselves with remote access to someone else’s Windows 95 box. That accessibility paved the way for all that was to come—because once tools are available, motives change. 2. Monetization: Script Kiddies to Underground Businessmen 2.1 Credit Cards and Dark-Web Marketplaces Cyber-commerce went into overdrive in the early 2000s. Hackers realized that stolen card numbers could be offloaded in IRC channels for instant money. The evolution from script kiddies to business-oriented criminals was swift, since money fuels innovation. 2.2 Botnets and Spam Empires As Trojan and worm authors improved, criminals packaged infected PCs into botnets. They leased these networks hourly to spammers and phishers. The “as-a-service” model that debuted here would go on to bloom into full-fledged ransomware franchises. But the genesis of it all was that initial taste of effortless profit. 3. Hacktivism: From Script Kiddies to Digital Protest Movements 3.1 The Rise of Anonymous Sometime between 2008 and the present day, the Anonymous collective demonstrated to the world that hacking was political theater. DDoS operations against Scientology, PayPal, and government websites made headlines. Overnight, hacking was no longer vandalism or fraud; it was a megaphone for social movements. 3.2 Data Leaks as Whistleblowing Groups started stealing and publishing emails in order to reveal corruption. They redefined intrusion as civil disobedience. The script kiddies’ narrative evolved into “hacktivists” flipped public discourse on its head: were they criminals or freedom fighters? Either way, it compelled security teams to get ready for PR crises, not merely system outages. 4. Nation-State Actors: From Script Kiddies to Digital Cold War Operatives 4.1 Stuxnet Changes Everything First discovered in 2010, Stuxnet infected Iranian centrifuges with surgical accuracy. It demonstrated that malware could create kinetic real-world effects and governments would employ it. Overnight, the stakes rose from script kiddies to state-sponsored sabotage. 4.2 APTs and Supply-Chain Espionage Advanced Persistent Threat groups, usually working for military intelligence, started stealing intellectual property and inserting backdoors in popular software. SolarWinds (2020) was just the beginning; by 2025, attackers reside in CI/CD pipelines, open-source libraries, even in firmware. Enterprise security teams now protect not just their own networks but every vendor touchpoint. 5. Ransomware Cartels: From Script Kiddies to Corporate-Style Criminals 5.1 The Business Model Matures CryptoLocker (2013) brought Bitcoin-based ransom payments. The scheme went wild: minor crews turned into multinational syndicates with HR staff, 24/7 victim support desks, and profit-sharing “affiliate” schemes. Ransomware-as-a-Service reduced barriers to entry once more—echoing that initial jump from script kiddies to paid cybercrime. 5.2 Double-Extortion, Triple-Extortion Thieves now steal it pre-encryption, menacing with public disclosure. Some add DDoS or individual blackmail. Typical ransom requests are now tens of millions—regularly settled by insurers or terrorized executives. 6. AI and Automation: Script Kiddies to Machine-Speed Threats 6.1 Phishing Goes Personal Generative AI composes perfect emails, replicates voices to use in vishing, even books meetings on executives’ behalf. In 2025, that ability turns deception into autopilot, taking social engineering to scales beyond human capabilities.  6.2 Self-Sovereign Ransomworms We are now witnessing malware that infects, pays its ransom, and re-encrypts its own payloads without the need for operator intervention. Security operations centers (SOCs) have to turn from script kiddies to AI-powered defense, since human analysts cannot match machine-scale attacks. 7. Metaverse and Quantum Frontiers: From Script Kiddies to Tomorrow’s Threat Architects 7.1 Avatar Identity Theft As business moves to the VR space, stealing a “digital twin” drains cryptowallets or taints reputations. The next step up from script kiddies to world-pirating is already underway. 7.2 Post-Quantum Weaponry Enterprises test quantum-resistant encryption while criminals were already exploiting lattice-based tunnels to blind inspection tools.  8. Defensive Blueprint: Surviving Hacker Evolution Invest in ML-driven Managed Detection and Response. Demand SBOMs and signed firmware to curb supply-chain danger. Educate all—human mistake still unlocks most doors. Recover by design—unhackable backups, rehearsed incident response, and transparent crisis comms. Victory is a metamorphosis from script kiddies to security leaders—matching attackers’ evolution with similar resolve. Conclusion The history of the development of cybercrime from script kiddies to cyber lords ruling the world is a story more of political change than technological development—it’s a tale of how quickly our virtual world has developed and how power itself has been remapped. Hackers evolved from individual teenagers executing joke programs in their bedrooms to sophisticated, well-organized players exerting true power over nations, economies, and lives. Recognizing this evolution is no longer a choice. Organizations, governments, and even individuals need to understand that the threats

The Rise Of New Hacktivism Political Hacking Explained INTRODUCTION In the constantly changing domain of cybersecurity, there is one phenomenon discreetly transforming digital activism: the emergence of new hacktivism. From revealing government corruption to targeting multinational corporations, hacktivists nowadays are much more than virtual rebels they are cyber warriors in an age where the keyboard is more powerful than the sword. As our reliance on online platforms increases, so does the effect of politically driven cyber attacks. This blog sweeps you into the emergence of new hacktivism: what it’s all about, why it’s booming, how it operates, and what it holds for our future. What Is Hacktivism? Hacktivism is a combination of “hacking” and “activism.” It describes employing computer technology to advance a social change or political agenda. Unlike criminal hacking, which seeks personal or financial return, hacktivism is frequently motivated by ideology, ethics, or dissent. Examples are: Defacing government websites Leaking classified documents Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks to cripple operations Spies for oppressive regimes to defend citizens’ rights The emergence of new hacktivism demonstrates how cyberdissidence can be equally powerful and far-reaching as conventional protest movements.   The Evolution: The Emergence of New Hacktivism Previous hacksorties of hacktivism were fairly amateurish—site defacements or demonstration banners on compromised websites. But the advent of new hacktivism has transformed all that. New hacktivist organizations: Employ sophisticated encryption and anonymous messaging techniques Organize worldwide, usually lacking centralized command structures Use AI, bots, and blockchain to execute sophisticated, coordinated campaigns Combine activism and cyber war, impacting actual geopolitics The new wave is supported by expanding global discontent, censorship, and the growing availability of hacking tools and techniques. Why Hacktivism Is Increasing? The reason is the emergence of new global tensions: 1. Government Surveillance and Control Authoritarian governments across the globe continue to shut down dissent. In response, hacktivists seek refuge in cyberspace, where they can retaliate anonymously and with global reach. 2. Availability of Free Tools From open-source hacking platforms to how-to guides on the dark web, anyone with minimum knowledge can become a part of the movement. The emergence of new tools gives power to amateur activists and professional hackers alike. 3. Global Political Polarization With ideologies at odds, hacktivism is used as a means to an end by both sides of the fence. Whether pro-democracy activists or radical extremists, most view cyberattacks as a valid means of protest. 4. Amplification through Social Media Social media sites are used by hacktivists to broadcast their discoveries, embarrass institutions, and rally support. Viral effect is equally valued as the breach itself.   Top Hacktivist Organizations behind The Surge of New Attacks Anonymous Arguably the most notorious collective in hacktivist history, Anonymous has brought down government, religious, and corporate websites. Their maxim—”We are Legion”—illustrates the decentralized, collective ethos integral to the emergence of new digital movements. GhostSec A spinoff from Anonymous, GhostSec focuses on terrorist groups and repressive governments. Its activities have infiltrated ISIS networks and released state secrets. RedHack Turkey-based, this Marxist-Leninist organization is responsible for attacks on government infrastructure and schools with the purpose of calling attention to income disparity and authoritarianism. Guacamaya Active in Latin America, this organization attacks mining corporations, police units, and governments with which it accuses them of collaborating on environmental and human rights violations. Cyber Partisans (Belarus) Active in cyber sabotage of authoritarian Belarusian leadership, releasing confidential documents and interfering with operations. Techniques Behind the Rise of New Hacktivism While the emergence of new hacktivist groups persists, their methods improve: 1. Doxxing Releasing a person’s or company’s confidential or private information in order to damage their reputation or get them into legal hot water. 2. Data Leaks Gigantic caches of plundered information—such as emails, contracts, or databases—are dumped into public or investigative journalists’ hands. 3. DDoS Attacks Employed to silence or shame a target. 4. Deepfakes and Misinformation Propaganda or discrediting rivals is done using false media and manipulated news. 5. Ransomware with a Message As opposed to common ransomware, political hackers may encrypt information not for financial gain—but to coerce policy shifts or bring attention to matters. Recent Examples of New Hacktivism in Action Russia-Ukraine Cyber War Hacktivist groups on each side attacked government infrastructure, media outlets, and banks. This conflict represents the emergence of new digital battlefields. Iran Protests (2022–2023) Hacktivists attacked Iranian government websites, state TV broadcasts, and surveillance systems in a bid to support women’s rights. Myanmar Military Regime Activists leaked information and hit military systems following the 2021 coup, highlighting a new online resistance. #OpIsrael / #OpIndia International hacker groups coordinated strikes against state-run websites in reaction to political scandals. Ethical Dilemma: Activism or Cybercrime? While some hail hacktivism as new resistance, others see it as illegal and risky. Arguments For: Raises awareness Safeguards civil liberties Discovers corruption Arguments Against: Breaks laws May result in collateral harm Facilitates vigilante justice As new digital ethics rise, governments and cultures have to debate where to draw the line. Getting Ready for the Future Companies need to get ready for this coming threat. Actions include: Strengthen Cyber Defenses Regular audits Firewall updates Employee awareness training Monitor the Deep and Dark Web Employ tools to monitor conversations or threats against your brand or country. Public Relations Readiness Have a reputational damage communication plan in place for cyberattacks or leaks. Practice Open and Transparent Activities Transparency can lower the attractiveness of hacking your brand or organization. The Role of International Law International law is not able to keep up with the expanding growth of new hacktivism. Current issues are: Defining hacktivism legally Distinguishing between activists and cyber terrorists Exercising justice across borders Organizations such as the UN and INTERPOL are starting to research frameworks, but enforcement is still challenging. Conclusion Reading from the way new hacktivism has evolved, we can see that the internet has evolved to be more than a place for interaction—it’s a place for protest, resistance, and change. Physical activism is geographically and spatially limited, but cyberactivism knows no bounds. It can mobilize

How Hacktivism Is Changing the New Cyber Attack Landscape INTRODUCTION There has lately been a remarkable increase in cyberattacks that are not financially motivated, but ideologically so. The topic of How Hacktivism Is Changing the landscape of cyber attacks is one that should be given top priority. Hacktivism, or the fusion of hacking and activism, is leveling the playing field when it comes to cybersecurity and compelling organizations to change the way they defend themselves. These hacktivists have a tendency to execute campaigns that are politically driven, trying to propagate messages, cause disruptions, or expose corruption. How Hacktivism Is Changing the dynamics of cyberattacks can be seen in its growing frequency and complexity. From causing disruptions to government agencies to exposing private information, hacktivists have begun to attack groups they consider to be unethical or oppressive. This article examines the development of hacktivism’s involvement in cyberattacks, how it’s changing the future of threats, and how organizations can defend themselves. Chapter 1: Defining Hacktivism and Its Evolution Hacktivism has existed for more than two decades, but the way hacktivism is evolving has remained in step with technology and social media innovation.  Early Examples of Hacktivism One of the first reported cases of hacktivism is the 1999 World Trade Organization (WTO) protests, in which activists used cyberattacks as a tool to disable global trade and bring attention to environmental concerns. All of these activities were a part of a broader social justice movement. As the internet became more mature, hacktivism ensued. Hackers began targeting corporations, governments, and other institutions that they felt were engaging in unethical activities, such as environmental degradation, human rights violations, or censorship. How Hacktivism Is Changing is observed through increased participation by decentralized hacker communities, the most publicized of which is Anonymous. Anonymous is now the term used for hacktivist activity and has carried out headline strikes against governments, police, and multinational corporations. Chapter 2: The Motives Behind Hacktivism Identifying the way hacktivism is redefining the image of cyberattacks involves understanding why hacktivists conduct such attacks. Unlike most cybercriminals who are prompted by financial gain, hacktivists are prompted by political or ideological objectives. The main driving factors are: Political Statements Hacktivists attack governments, political parties, or individuals to send a political message. For instance, Anonymous has attacked governments and corporate companies involved in controversial behavior, like surveillance plots or bribery. Protesting Censorship Different groups of hacktivists protest censorship by media or governments limiting freedom of speech or internet censorship. In attacking them, hacktivists seek to maintain open access to information. Social Justice and Human Rights Hackers typically target institutions that they perceive are exploiting basic human rights, such as oppressive regimes or businesses whose undertakings are unethical, such as child labor or environmental destruction. Environmental Activism Environmental issues are also a key motivator of hacktivism. Groups such as Anonymous have targeted institutions that they perceive are destroying the environment through pollution, deforestation, or irresponsible practices. Chapter 3: Most Notable Hacktivist Attacks and Their Impacts Over the years, numerous cases have seen how hacktivism is reshaping the cyberspace threat landscape. It has evolved, widened, taken on new strategies and objectives, reflecting the continually expanding effectiveness of hacktivist organizations. These are some main examples: 1. The Sony PlayStation Network Attack (2011) Anonymous hacked Sony’s PlayStation Network (PSN) in 2011 via DDoS attack when Sony deleted “OtherOS” features from its gaming console. The attack took PSN offline and dumped sensitive information, including user information. 2. Arab Spring (2010-2012) Hacktivists attacked Middle Eastern governments in the Arab Spring to aid anti-government protests. Specifically, groups such as Anonymous hacked Egyptian government websites to demonize President Hosni Mubarak’s government. These are merely some examples of how hacktivism is remapping the role of cyber tools used by political movements to have their voices heard. 3. Democratic National Committee  The Russian hacktivist group carried out the hack and leakage of thousands of DNC emails during the U.S. presidential election campaign. The hack, blamed on state actors, showed the extent to which hacktivism is reshaping the nature of geopolitical competition and the overlap of cyberattacks and political ends. 4. Operation Payback Operation Payback involved a series of cyberattacks by Anonymous against organizations that were not supporting WikiLeaks. Financial institutions, governments, and other organizations that involved themselves in blocking or censoring access to WikiLeaks content were the target of the cyberattacks. The above incidents reflect how hacktivism is transforming the world of cyberattacks by expanding the scale of targets for the attacks to high-profile political groups and governments from mere protesting to massive-scale cyber warfare. Chapter 4: Hacktivists’ Tool and Tactic While hacking is transforming cyber attacks, so is the approach, weapon, and technology applied by hacktivists. Whereas hacktivism was previously just simple, for example, commonly DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) centered, modern-day hacktivists employ complex means. 1. DDoS Attacks DDoS attacks remain a popular method employed by hacktivists to flood servers and websites with traffic, rendering them inaccessible to authorized users. LOIC (Low Orbit Ion Cannon) is one of the most popular tools that have been extensively used in hacktivist operations. 2. Data Leaks and Exfiltration Hacktivists are increasingly resorting to data breaches and leaks to attain their goals. By leaking sensitive data from governments, corporations, or political organizations, hacktivists seek to embarrass their targets and make a political statement. 3. Social Media Exploitation Hacktivists also tend to use social networking websites to spread their messages and mobilize support. This has become a favorite method for hacktivists to inform people and build momentum for their causes, such as during #OpIsrael campaigns. 4. Phishing and Malware Phishing and malware are employed by hacktivists to breach confidential information or result in system disruption. This tactic provides a hacking chance to penetrate organizations and steal information for the sake of unveiling corruption and misuse. Chapter 5: The Impacts of Hacktivism The advent of hacktivism has monumental effects on society, organizations, and information security. Though the hackers-in-disguise think their act is ethical as a form of protest, the aftermath of

New DPDP Act Strengthening Data Privacy Protection in India INTRODUCTION In the current era of digital life, data security and privacy are the pillars of internet participation. As there is increased reliance on data-centric technologies by governments, corporations, and individuals, safeguarding personal data is priority number one. Faced with these threats, India has made a giant leap ahead by introducing the New DPDP Act (Data Protection and Privacy Act), which will make data privacy protection stronger for the citizens. The New DPDP Act is an all-encompassing law that enforces personal data to be handled in the best possible manner and companies operating business in India to be held accountable for keeping people’s privacy secure. This blog discusses the most significant aspects of the New DPDP Act, its intent, its impact on businesses, and the implications of the New DPDP Act on data privacy in India. What is the New DPDP Act? The New DPDP Act It is a general regime of legislation that governs the collection, processing, storage, and transfer of personal data.  India’s earlier data protection legislation, the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011, were found to be insufficient in keeping pace with the fast-evolving digital environment. The New DPDP Act is an attempt to fill such lacunae and bring India at par with global standards such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union. The prime objective of the New DPDP Act is to ensure that personal data is processed securely, ethically, and responsibly, thus protecting individual rights and promoting confidence in digital spaces. Key Features of the New DPDP Act 1. Scope and Coverage The New DPDP Act covers all organizations. Private Companies Government Agencies Non-Profit Organizations Foreign Organizations with Indian Clients or Data The New DPDP Act has a wide applicability that is directed at different industries like healthcare, finance, e-commerce, telecom, and social media platforms. It brings organizations dealing with personal data to adopt leading-level privacy principles. 2. Management of Consent One of the cornerstones of the New DPDP Act is securing clear and informed consent from an individual prior to collecting and processing his/her personal data. Organizations must: Evidently specify the purpose for collecting data. Make withdrawal of consent by users easy. This consent model seeks to enable people to take control of their data to make it more accessible and impossible for other people to access. 3. Data Minimization and Purpose Limitation The New DPDP Act mandates that only the minimum amount of personal data necessary for a specific purpose should be gathered. Businesses cannot gather too much data which are irrelevant to the product or service being offered. This ensures that data is gathered only for a specific, legitimate purpose and not beyond that. 4. Data Security Measures New DPDP Act puts stringent obligations on companies to adopt strong data protection measures to safeguard personal data against breaches, theft, and abuse. Organizations are required to: Adopt encryption and anonymization methods. Apply access controls and authentication methods to limit unauthorized access to data. Periodically audit and monitor systems to detect and counter possible security threats. The Act stresses that data protection is not only the responsibility of the data controller but also of data processors who process personal information on behalf of others. 5. Data Subject Rights The New DPDP Act grants various significant rights to individuals in relation to their personal data: Right to Rectification: One can ask for correction in the event of inaccuracy or incompleteness of information. Right to Deletion: One has a right to have one’s information deleted in some situations, for example, where the information is no longer required. Right to Portability: One has a right to move one’s information from one provider of services to another in an accessible format. These rights allow people to have more control over their data and maintain their privacy. 6. Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs) The New DPDP Act requires organizations to carry out Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs) of processing operations that are likely to result in a high risk to individuals’ rights and freedoms. It implies assessing the privacy risks arising out of new technology or processing activity and applying mitigants against the same. 7. Data Breach Notification The New DPDP Act provides for mandatory data breach notification for companies.  Notify the concerned parties in a timely manner, particularly if the breach has a potential to affect their privacy. Notify the Data Protection Authority (DPA) of the breach and furnish information about the breach, including the type of breach and remedial measures taken. The duty to alert people to data breaches guarantees transparency and allows aggrieved persons to take swift action in defending themselves against subsequent damage. 8. Data Protection Authority (DPA) The New DPDP Act creates a Data Protection Authority (DPA) that is entrusted with the power of imposing provisions under the Act. The DPA will: Investigate and address complaints involving data breaches and invasions of privacy. Issue regulations and rules to enforce compliance with data protection standards. Take action against non-compliant organizations as a form of penalty. Impact of the New DPDP Act on Businesses 1. Compliance Requirements Companies that have operations in India or have Indian customers will be required to modify and realign data privacy practices and policies to meet the New DPDP Act. These include setting effective data protection measures, having consent handling, and applying data subject rights. Companies will need to employ data protection officers (DPOs) and invest funds on compliance programs in meeting regulatory requirements. 2. Fines and Penalties Non-compliance with the New DPDP Act may attract huge fines. The DPA may impose penalties for contraventions, varying from minor offenses to serious contraventions. For serious contraventions, entities may be fined up to 4% of worldwide annual turnover or Rs 10 crore (the higher of the two). 3. Data Transfers and Cross-Border Implications Companies will be required to provide the assurance that personal data leaving India is under an adequate

Inside the Mind of a Hacker Cybercriminals Exploit Vulnerabilities INTRODUCTION Cyber threats are evolving at a fast pace in the new digital age, with hackers innovating ways every time to infiltrate systems. Understanding what happens inside the mind of a hacker is important for organizations and individuals looking to enhance the security position. Hackers exploit vulnerabilities in software, networks, and human psychology to breach systems unauthenticated, steal sensitive information, or cripple critical operations. In this in-depth guide, we will delve into the mindset, motivations, and methods of cybercriminals and how companies can remain one step ahead of their strategies. Understanding the Hacker Mindset To protect against cyber attacks, it is necessary to enter the mind of hackers and know why they do what they do. Hackers can be divided into various categories depending on their goals: Black Hat Hackers – Bad hackers who exploit vulnerabilities for personal gain, monetary benefit, or sabotage. White Hat Hackers – Ethical hackers who find vulnerabilities to help companies improve security. Gray Hat Hackers – Hackers who sometimes breach systems without bad intentions but act without permission. Script Kiddies – Beginner hackers who use pre-existing hacking scripts without possessing thorough technical knowledge. State-Sponsored Hackers – Government-backed cybercriminals who target other nations for espionage and sabotage. Hacktivists – Politically or socially motivated cybercriminals. By gaining access to the mindset of these different types of hackers, cybersecurity experts can more effectively predict attack patterns and develop successful countermeasures. Common Hacking Methods Used by Cybercriminals Hackers use a variety of sophisticated techniques to exploit vulnerabilities. To get the full picture of the risks, we must look into the mind of a hacker and examine their most common attack techniques: 1. Phishing Attacks Phishing remains the most effective method of hacking. Phony emails from familiar sources are sent by cybercriminals to trick users into divulging sensitive information. Aware of within the mind of the hacker, organizations can train employees to identify phishing attempts and not fall victim. 2. Malware Infections Hackers employ malware such as ransomware, spyware, and trojans to take advantage of systems. Malware can be spread through email attachments, infected websites, or infected USB drives. Knowing these steps is a better inside the mind perspective of a hacker’s plan. 3. SQL Injection With the ability to manipulate databases via SQL injection, an attacker can get access to sensitive data. Best practices need to be put in place by organizations to shield themselves from this technique so that attackers cannot breach systems. 4. Zero-Day Exploits Zero-day vulnerabilities are software vulnerabilities that vendors have no knowledge of. They are exploited by attackers before they are patched. Security teams must work in advance of threats, considering the attacker’s mindset and taking proactive measures. 5. Social Engineering Technical skills don’t count in hacking; cunning counts more. Hackers use psychological methods to manipulate individuals into divulging access credentials. Companies can reduce human fallibility by maintaining training schemes to restrict information in the head of social engineers. 6. Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks DoS attacks are conducted by hackers to flood networks with massive volumes of traffic so that valid users are unable to access the systems. Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks are sophisticated and consist of a range of infected devices. Organisations need to put themselves in a hacker’s shoes to implement effective defence measures. Real-Life Case Studies of Notorious Cyberattacks Case Study 1: The WannaCry Ransomware Attack In 2017, WannaCry ransomware spread globally based on a vulnerability in Windows. The ransomware attacked hospitals, businesses, and government institutions and demanded Bitcoins for the unlock of encrypted files. This example highlights how attackers exploit vulnerabilities before fixes are deployed. Case Study 2: The Equifax Data Breach Equifax was the victim of a massive data breach in 2017 due to an unpatched software vulnerability. Hackers stole personal data of 147 million individuals, illustrating the importance of timely security patches. Case Study 3: SolarWinds Supply Chain Attack State-sponsored attackers exploited SolarWinds’ software updates, impacting various U.S. government agencies and firms. The attack highlights the need for robust supply chain security controls. How to Strengthen Cybersecurity Defenses In order to prevent cyber attacks, organizations must ensure there are comprehensive security measures. The following are the measures that help security professionals think like a hacker’s mind in order to secure their networks: 1. Conduct Regular Security Audits Regular security audits help identify vulnerabilities before hackers attack them. Penetration testing provides insight into the hacker’s mindset by simulating real attacks. 2. Ensure Strong Password Policies Weak passwords are an easy target for hackers. Strong password policies and multi-factor authentication (MFA) have to be practiced by organizations to minimize risks. 3. Employee Training and Awareness As the majority of cyberattacks are human errors, cybersecurity training is essential. Training employees on how to identify phishing scams and attacks creates a culture that is aware of security and reflects inside the mind thinking. 4. Keep Software and Systems Up-to-Date Regular updates and patches fix security holes. Cybercrooks mainly use outdated systems, so becoming updated in time will help to exclude them. 5. Invest in Advanced Threat Detection AI-driven cybersecurity software scans for anomalies and patterns in real-time. Through machine learning, businesses can think like a hacker and predict potential threats beforehand. 6. Back up Sensitive Data A good backup plan avoids ransomware attacks from leading to permanent data loss. Data backed up to secure places reduces the impact of cyber attacks. Future of Cybersecurity: Staying Ahead of Hackers The cybersecurity landscape is evolving on a daily basis. Speculation in the minds of hackers enables organizations to anticipate future threats. Some of the key trends are: AI and Machine Learning in Cybersecurity – AI-based security solutions improve detection and response to cyber threats. Zero Trust Security Model – A security model that does not trust any user or system by default. Blockchain for Cybersecurity – Ensuring data integrity and protecting digital transactions. Biometric Authentication – Strengthening authentication with fingerprint and facial recognition. IoT Security – Protecting connected devices from cyberattacks. Conclusion The hackers continue

New Social Engineering Attacks Are Evolving – Are You Ready? INTRODUCTION In the ever-evolving cybersecurity landscape of the present day, New Social Engineering Attacks are evolving into a serious threat to organizations and users across the globe. Cyber-attackers continuously invent new methods, exploit human psychology, and incorporate new technologies so that they can execute highly sophisticated New Social Engineering Attacks. New Social Engineering Attacks trick users into revealing sensitive information, clicking malicious links, or performing actions that violate security paradigms. Understanding how New Social Engineering Attacks operate and how to prevent them is crucial in today’s digital world. This blog will explore the latest trends in New Social Engineering Attacks, real-world case studies, prevention strategies, and best practices to safeguard yourself and your organization. What Are New Social Engineering Attacks? New Social Engineering Attacks are deceptive tactics used by cybercriminals to get individuals to disclose sensitive information. In contrast to traditional hacking methods that take advantage of technical vulnerabilities, social engineering attacks focus on human psychology and trust. Some of the latest New Social Engineering Attacks include: Deepfake Scams – Artificially generated videos and audio recordings impersonating trusted people. Vishing (Voice Phishing) – Fake phone calls that deceive victims into disclosing sensitive information. Business Email Compromise (BEC) – Spoof emails from colleagues or executives. AI-Powered Phishing – Highly customized and automated phishing. Social Media Deception – Spoofed profiles and messages to trick users into clicking on malware links. QR Code Phishing (Quishing) – Malicious QR codes are utilized by attackers to direct victims to phishing websites. Smishing and Sim-Swap Attacks – Phishing with SMS complemented by SIM card cloning to bypass security limitations. How Emerging Social Engineering Attacks Are Evolving Cyber attackers are adopting advanced techniques to enhance New Social Engineering Attacks. Some of the key trends are: 1. AI and Automation in Social Engineering Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized New Social Engineering Attacks, and they have become more realistic and difficult to detect. Attackers use AI to: Design personalized phishing emails in batches. Produce fake videos by deepfakes imitating live individuals. Auto-iterate chatbot scams which involve victims in real-time. 2. Multi-Stage Attacks New Social Engineering Attacks are no longer solo cons. Scammers use many stages to win over the victims before they launch. For example: A con artist may first connect on LinkedIn, then later send a cloned email that seems real. Attackers can post a harmless message as an advance to a counterfeit request. 3. Attacking Remote Workers Remote work has exposed employees to New Social Engineering Attacks more. With no watchful eyes over them, remote workers can become victims of: Impersonation IT support tricks that ask for login credentials. Fake corporate email messages that call for sensitive details. Home network attacks that reach less secure home devices. Vphishing virtual meeting invitations that deceive employees into clicking harmful links. 4. The Emergence of Hybrid Attacks New Social Engineering Attacks of the day are combined with a number of techniques to attain maximum success. Hybrid attacks may involve: Phishing email with a follow-up spoofed phone call. Spam social media accounts sending spam links via direct messages. Smishing (SMS phishing) with email scams. QR code phishing with spoofed customer service calls. 5. Leverage of Compromised Business Processes Attackers target business processes, e.g., payment of invoices or HR emails, to insert forged transactions or extract personal data. Examples of New Social Engineering Attacks in the Real World Case Study 1: CEO Deepfake Scam A company executive was phoned by his “CEO” and instructed to wire $200,000 into an offshore account. The voice of the caller was generated with AI deepfake technology, and the employee was successfully tricked. Case Study 2: COVID-19 Phishing Scams During the pandemic, attackers launched New Social Engineering Attacks rooted in fear and uncertainty. Fake emails from government health authorities tricked users into clicking malware-infected links. Case Study 3: LinkedIn Spear Phishing Attackers created fake LinkedIn accounts to target employees. Having built rapport for weeks, they launched phishing emails posing as job offers, leading to credential theft. Case Study 4: Fake QR Code Payments One restaurant displayed a duplicate QR code as payment and brought customers to an imposter payment page where the scammers appropriated credit card numbers. How to Defend against New Social Engineering Attacks 1. Employee Knowledge and Training Constantly implement security training about New Social Engineering Attacks. Make employees aware of how to spot suspicious emails, calls, and messages. Empower employees with the knowledge that they should ask questions when encountering unusual requests for confidential information. Train on deepfake detection and AI-fueled scams. 2. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) Enable MFA across all critical accounts to prevent unauthorized entry. Even if an attacker steals a password, MFA can block unauthorized login. Do not rely solely on SMS-based MFA; use authentication apps or hardware tokens instead. 3. Authenticating Requests Always authenticate requests for sensitive information via an alternate communication channel. Call the person directly instead of answering a suspicious email. Avoid haste or being emotionally manipulated messages. 4. Implementing Email Security Practices Utilize email filtering products to identify and block phishing attacks. Make domain-based email authentication (DMARC, SPF, DKIM) accessible. Tag emails from external domains that impersonate internal mail. 5. Secure Your Social Media Accounts Limit online sharing of personal information. Be cautious with accepting friendship requests from new individuals. Monitor privacy settings frequently and restrict access to personal information. 6. Monitor and Audit Access Logs Regularly monitor login attempts and access logs for unusual activities. Implement real-time monitoring software to detect anomalies. Set up alarms for unusual login locations or IP addresses. Future of New Social Engineering Attacks As technology evolves, New Social Engineering Attacks will become increasingly sophisticated. Some emerging threats to watch out for are: Quantum-Enabled Cyber Attacks – Next-generation quantum computing can break current encryption methods. AI-Driven Chatbots for Scamming – Cyber attackers using AI chatbots to scam users in real-time. 5G Exploits – Faster networks create more attack surfaces. Voice Cloning Attacks – Attackers using deepfake voice cloning for fraud. Malicious Augmented